Let be a map of ring spectra. The kernel of the underlying -module map lifts to a non-unital algebra, we denote this object by .

Let be a functorial tower of algebras, as in defn - functorial algebra tower.

Definition

is said to be -nilpotent if is -complete.

In the following definitions we’ll fix a omit it from the notation.

Definition The category of formal -algebras, is full subcategory spanned by maps such that is -nilponent.

Definition The category of formal extensions of , is full subcategory spanned by maps such that is -nilponent.